Difference Between Microprocessor and Micro Controller

Parameter	Microprocessor	Micro controller
Description	It is Multipurpose, Programmable device that accepts digital data as input from external input unit, processes it as per instructions in its memory, and provides results as output at external output unit.	It is a Self Contained System with a processor core, memory, and peripherals and can be used as embedded system.
Software Protection	Software Protection is less achieved in Microprocessor based systems.	Micro controllers offer more software protection by locking the on chip memory and is made protected from external circuit.
Input/output Devices	Keyboard, Mouse, Screen, disks, printers etc.	Switches, Relays, LEDs, LCD Displays, radio Frequency devices ,Sensors
Cost	High, Because Devices like memory, disks, and interfaces are connected externally and has to be purchased separately.	Decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole, Because no needs to connect external devices like Read/Write Memory, Timers etc., unless you desire to create something beyond the limit.

Conductors, Semiconductors, Insulators

Solids can be classified on the basis of electrical conductivity as:
1) Conductors
2) Semiconductors
3) Insulators

Conductors: The Substances which easily allow electric current pass through them are called conductors. E.g. Copper, Aluminium has large no. of free electrons.

Conductors contain no forbidden energy gap between valance band and conduction band. They overlap each other as shown in the given image. Without supplying any additional energy valance electrons become free electrons which make metals like Copper, Aluminium good conductors of electricity.

Capacitors

The electronic components that are used to store the charge are called Capacitors. This capability of capacitors to store the energy (Charge) is called capacitance. Capacitance is measured in Farads (F). Farad is a very high unit of capacitance. Lower units are Micro Farad (µF) and Pico Farad (pF).

Capacitor consists of two conducting plates that are separated by an insulating material which is known as dielectric. Capacitor offers very low impedance to AC but it blocks DC. The reason behind this is that
X_C =1/2πfc and for AC frequency is 50-60 Hz but for DC frequency is 0 hence X_C= Infinite.

Resistors and Their Types

The components which resist or oppose the flow of electrons in any electrical or electrical circuit is called resistor. The force by which it resists flow of current is called resistance. It is measured in Ohms (Ω). Resistors are used to limit current flowing through a circuit or to divide the voltage in a circuit.

Types of Resistors
i) Fixed Value Resistors.
ii) Variable Value Resistors.

Difference Between Hardwired Control and Micro Programmed Control

Timing and control signals are generated by two methods.i.e. Hardwired control and Micro Programmed control.Below given table illustrates the difference between both of them.

Sr. No.	Hardwired Control	Micro programmed Control
1	It is Implemented with the help of gates, Flip Flops, Decoders and other digital circuits.	This is Implemented by Programming control memory to perform required sequence of Micro operations.
2	If changes are required to be made, we have to change the entire hardware or hardware connections.	Changes can be done by just updating the micro program in control memory.
3	Update or changes are much expensive.	Changes can be done at low or no cost.
4	Difficult to Implement.	Easy to Implement.

Half Adder, Full Adder

Half Adder

The Combinational circuit that performs arithmetic addition of two binary digits is called half adder. Variables that are supplied to input of half adder are called augend and addend. The Output obtained is sum and carry. Figure given below shows logical and symbolic representation of  half adder.

Here A and B are two inputs and S, C are sum and Carry respectively.Half Adder is the combination of one XOR gate and one AND gate.
S= A'B +AB'
C=AB

Difference Between Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier

Characteristics	Half Wave Rectifier	Full Wave Rectifier
Definition	The Rectifier that converts only one half Cycle of the input AC supply to DC is called Half Wave Rectifier.	The Rectifier that converts both Halves of the AC input supply Cycle into DC is Called Full Wave Rectifier.
Diodes Used	One	Two/Four
Peak Inverse Voltage(PIV)	PIV=Vm	PIV=2Vm (Centre Tap Rectifier) PIV=Vm (Bridge Rectifier)

Difference Between JFET and BJT

Characteristics	JFET	BJT
Operation	The Operation of JFET is dependent on the Flow Of Majority Carriers. i.e. Holes in P-Channel JFET and Electrons in N-Channel JFET. This is the reason why it is called Unipolar Transistor.	The Operation of BJT relies upon Holes and Electrons. This is why it is called Bipolar Transistors.
Input Impedance	High, Because its Input Circuit is Reversed Biased	Low, Because its Input Circuit is Forward Biased